Inhaltsverzeichnis
Retrieved 29 March Annals of Botany. Plant Systematics and Evolution. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray.
In Shaw, A. Population ecology, population genetics, and microevolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Not so fast…".
THE ASWANG PROJECT. Bayerische StaatsBibliothek Bavarian State Library. February 5, Archived from the original on December 20, Retrieved 13 April Arizona Law Review.
SSRN Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from the original PDF on 20 December Retrieved 27 July Genetics in Medicine.
Strongly polarized conjugated compounds conjugated zwitterions are typically very reactive, share diradical character, activate strong bonds and small molecules, and serve as transient intermediates in catalysis.
Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. In , he became professor at the University of Ljubljana.
In the s, he was active in public life, publishing critical articles in left liberal journals, such as Sodobnost and Ljubljanski zvon. Soon after the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April , he joined the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People.
In May of the same year, he was arrested by the Italian occupation authorities of the Province of Ljubljana , but released soon afterwards.
The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in at approximately 50, and dropping to 30, by the start of In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages non-English Wikipedia shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42, No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages non-English Wikipedia would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.
Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly , words as of Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias.
In , columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged in and respectively that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.
In , Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online.
Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased. In February , Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias".
Due to this persistent Eurocentrism, scholars like Carwil Bjork-James [] or the authors of ' 'The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps' ' [] call for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia.
As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.
Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia.
However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.
And yet it [is]. Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.
Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.
Legal Research in a Nutshell , cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.
In February , an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change.
A research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities.
The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in the flipped classroom model , while the control group was given direct instructions in class the conventional classroom model.
The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study.
The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.
On March 5, , Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' 1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the Wikipedia site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information.
Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed.
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article.
Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. A study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth from July to January in each field: [].
These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones.
Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.
A study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics.
There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science".
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, Africa being the most underrepresented.
An editorial in The Guardian in claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers.
Academic studies of Wikipedia have consistently shown that Wikipedia systematically over-represents a point of view POV belonging to a particular demographic described as the "average Wikipedian", who is an educated, technically inclined, English speaking white male, aged 15—49 from a developed Christian country in the northern hemisphere.
Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view.
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles.
It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children. The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl.
The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December , access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation IWF decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers.
In April , Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law.
If we did, we would remove it. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status.
One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a " public figure " in the eyes of the law.
In January , a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker.
On February 9, , the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.
Wikipedia has a " Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [W 63] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties.
This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.
In late April , Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the Online Safety Bill.
Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers.
Wikipedia was described in as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment. In May , a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media.
A comprehensive survey, published in , by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback.
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks.
In May , Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.
We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome. Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [W 70] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority Maher served as executive director until April She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community.
Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates.
These include Wikimedia chapters which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France , thematic organizations such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community , and user groups.
These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system.
The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July Phase III , Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker.
Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. In April , a Lucene extension [W 78] [W 79] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching.
Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch. In July , after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use.
Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.
An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.
As of , [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server.
To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.
Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. Following growing amounts of incoming donations in exceeding seven digits, [37] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.
Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia.
When the project was started in , all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License GFDL , a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.
This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text.
The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. The handling of media files e. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [W ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries e.
Bibcode : BMCEE.. Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems.
Integrative and Comparative Biology. Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals.
Horticultural Plant Breeding. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction. Springer Nature. Evolution in Isolation: The Search for an Island Syndrome in Plants.
Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach 2 ed. Sunderland MA, US: Sinauer Associates Inc. Busch Entertainment Corporation. Archived from the original on 25 July Discovery Health Channel, "I Am My Own Twin" Kim KR, Kwon Y, Joung JY, Kim KS, Ayala AG, Ro JY October Modern Pathology.
Randall JE Reef and Shore Fishes of the South Pacific: New Caledonia to Tahiti and the Pitcairn Islands.
Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Chase C In Atkins D ed. Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities.
New York: Haworth Press. In: Natural History New Zealand Ltd and CCTV9. September , archiviert vom Original am Juni ; abgerufen am Januar Fugu reveals its simple gender switch engl Japan Times.
Waldeyer : Ueber Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen. On July 22, , Elon Musk announced that the service would be re-branded to "X", [] in his pursuit of creating an " everything app ".
Mike Proulx of The New York Times was critical of this change, saying the brand value has been "wiped out". Mike Carr says the new logo gives a " ' Big Brother ' tech overlord vibe" in contrast to the "cuddly" nature of the previous bird logo.
On April 13, , Twitter announced plans to offer paid advertising for companies that would be able to purchase "promoted tweets" to appear in selective search results on the Twitter website, similar to Google Adwords' advertising model.
In June , Twitter announced that it would offer small businesses a self-service advertising system. On August 3, , Twitter launched Instant Unlock Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand in order to earn rewards and utilize the social media network's conversational ads.
The format itself consists of images or videos with call-to-action buttons and a customizable hashtag. In October , Twitter banned the Russian media outlets RT and Sputnik from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.
In October , Twitter announced it would stop running political ads on its ad platform effective November This resulted from several spurious claims made by political ads.
Company CEO Dorsey clarified that internet advertising had great power and was extremely effective for commercial advertisers, the power brings significant risks to politics where crucial decisions impact millions of lives.
In April , Twitter announced a ban on "misleading" advertisements that go against "the scientific consensus on climate change". While the company did not give full guidelines, it stated that the decisions would be made with the help of "authoritative sources", including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Twitter, and X, has been fined several times for non-compliance with laws and regulations. Department of Justice search warrant for the account of former president Donald Trump.
As of [update] other fines were being considered. Twitter relies on open-source software. In the early days of Twitter, tweets were stored in MySQL databases that were temporally sharded large databases were split based on time of posting.
After the huge volume of tweets coming in caused problems reading from and writing to these databases, the company decided that the system needed re-engineering.
From Spring to , the messages were handled by a Ruby persistent queue server called Starling. This boost was greater than the 10x improvement that Twitter's engineers envisioned when starting the switch.
The continued development of Twitter has also involved a switch from monolithic development of a single app to an architecture where different services are built independently and joined through remote procedure calls.
As of April 6, , Twitter engineers confirmed that they had switched away from their Ruby on Rails search stack to a Java server they call Blender.
Individual tweets are registered under unique IDs called snowflakes , and geolocation data is added using 'Rockdove'. The URL shortener t. Next, the tweets are stored in a MySQL database using Gizzard , and the user receives an acknowledgement that the tweets were sent.
Tweets are then sent to search engines via the Firehose API. The process is managed by FlockDB and takes an average of ms.
On August 16, , Raffi Krikorian , Twitter's vice president of platform engineering, shared in a blog post that the company's infrastructure handled almost , tweets per second during that week, setting a new record.
Krikorian explained that Twitter achieved this record by blending its homegrown and open source technologies. Twitter was recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer APIs of any major technology company.
From until , Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation.
Developers built upon the public API to create the first Twitter mobile phone clients as well as the first URL shortener.
Between and , however, Twitter made a number of decisions that were received unfavorably by the developer community. In July , Twitter released version 2.
In January , Twitter ended third party access to its APIs, forcing all third party Twitter clients to shut down. Twitterrific's Sean Heber confirmed in a blog post that the year-old app has been discontinued.
In February , Twitter announced it would be ending free access to Twitter API, and began offering paid tier plans with a more limited access. On April 17, , Twitter announced it would implement an "Innovators Patent Agreement" which would obligate Twitter to only use its patents for defensive purposes.
Twitter has a history of both using and releasing open-source software while overcoming technical challenges of their service.
On March 31, , Twitter released the source code for Twitter's recommendation algorithm , [] which determines what tweets show up on the user's personal timeline, to GitHub.
According to Twitter's blog post: "We believe that we have a responsibility, as the town square of the internet, to make our platform transparent.
So today we are taking the first step in a new era of transparency and opening much of our source code to the global community. In February, he promised it would happen within a week before pushing back the deadline to March 31 earlier this month.
Also in March , Twitter suffered a security attack which resulted in proprietary code being released. Twitter then had the source code removed.
Twitter introduced the first major redesign of its user interface in September , adopting a dual-pane layout with a navigation bar along the top of the screen, and an increased focus on the inline embedding of multimedia content.
Critics considered the redesign an attempt to emulate features and experiences found in mobile apps and third-party Twitter clients.
The new layout was revised in with a focus on continuity with the web and mobile versions, introducing "Connect" interactions with other users such as replies and "Discover" further information regarding trending topics and news headlines tabs, an updated profile design, and moving all content to the right pane leaving the left pane dedicated to functions and the trending topics list.
In September , a new layout for profiles was introduced, with larger "covers" that could be customized with a custom header image, and a display of the user's recent photos posted.
In September , Twitter began to migrate selected web users to its progressive web app based on its Twitter Lite experience for mobile web , reducing the interface to two columns.
Migrations to this iteration of Twitter increased in April , with some users receiving it with a modified layout. In July , Twitter officially released this redesign, with no further option to opt-out while logged in.
It is designed to further-unify Twitter's user experience between the web and mobile application versions, adopting a three-column layout with a sidebar containing links to common areas including "Explore" that has been merged with the search page which previously appeared in a horizontal top bar, profile elements such as picture and header images and biography texts merged into the same column as the timeline, and features from the mobile version such as multi-account support, and an opt-out for the "top tweets" mode on the timeline.
In response to early Twitter security breaches, the United States Federal Trade Commission FTC brought charges against the service; the charges were settled on June 24, This was the first time the FTC had taken action against a social network for security lapses.
The settlement requires Twitter to take a number of steps to secure users' private information, including maintenance of a "comprehensive information security program" to be independently audited biannually.
After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and The Guardian , [] in April , Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking.
On July 15, , a major hack of Twitter affected high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as Barack Obama , Bill Gates , and Elon Musk ; the hack allowed bitcoin scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money.
On August 5, , Twitter disclosed that a bug introduced in a June update to the service allowed threat actors to link email addresses and phone numbers to twitter user's accounts.
While Twitter originally believed no one had taken advantage of the vulnerability, it was later revealed that a user on the online hacking forum Breached Forums had used the vulnerability to compile a list of over 5.
During an outage, Twitter users were at one time shown the "fail whale" error message image created by Yiying Lu , [] illustrating eight orange birds using a net to hoist a whale from the ocean captioned "Too many tweets!
Please wait a moment and try again. In June , after being criticized by Kanye West and sued by Tony La Russa over unauthorized accounts run by impersonators , the company launched their "Verified Accounts" program.
In November , Twitter announced a relaunch of its verification system in According to the new policy, Twitter verifies six different types of accounts; for three of them companies, brands, and influential individuals like activists , the existence of a Wikipedia page will be one criterion for showing that the account has "Off Twitter Notability".
In October , after the takeover of Twitter by Elon Musk, it was reported that verification would instead be included in the paid Twitter Blue service, and that existing verified accounts would lose their status if they do not subscribe.
In December , the "Official" text was replaced by a gold checkmark for organizations, as well as a grey checkmark for government and multilateral accounts.
In March , the gold checkmark was made available for organizations to purchase through the Verified Organizations program formerly called Twitter Blue for Business.
Tweets are public, but users can also send private "direct messages". The service also reserves the right to sell this information as an asset if the company changes hands.
Twitter launched the beta version of their "Verified Accounts" service on June 11, , allowing people with public profiles to announce their account name.
The profile pages of these accounts display a badge indicating their status. On December 14, , the United States Department of Justice issued a subpoena directing Twitter to provide information for accounts registered to or associated with WikiLeaks.
In May , a claimant known as "CTB" in the case of CTB v Twitter Inc. This followed gossip posted on Twitter about professional footballer Ryan Giggs 's private life.
This led to the British privacy injunctions controversy and the "super-injunction". Twitter acquired Dasient , a startup that offers malware protection for businesses, in January Twitter announced plans to use Dasient to help remove hateful advertisers on the website.
Followed the sharing of images showing the killing of American journalist James Foley in , Twitter said that in certain cases it would delete pictures of people who had died after requests from family members and "authorized individuals".
In , following updated terms of service and privacy policy, Twitter users outside the United States were legally served by the Ireland-based Twitter International Company instead of Twitter, Inc.
The change made these users subject to Irish and European Union data protection laws []. On April 8, , Twitter announced that users outside of the European Economic Area or United Kingdom thus subject to GDPR will no longer be allowed to opt out of sharing "mobile app advertising measurements" to Twitter third-party partners.
On October 9, , Twitter took additional steps to counter misleading campaigns ahead of the US Election. Twitter's new temporary update encouraged users to "add their own commentary" before retweeting a tweet, by making 'quoting tweet' a mandatory feature instead of optional.
The social network giant aimed at generating context and encouraging the circulation of more thoughtful content. In August , Twitter announced plans to introduce a "report abuse" button for all versions of the site following uproar, including a petition with , signatures, over Tweets that included rape and death threats to historian Mary Beard , feminist campaigner Caroline Criado-Perez and the member of parliament Stella Creasy.
As per a research study conducted by IT for Change on abuse and misogynistic trolling on Twitter directed at Indian women in public-political life, women perceived to be ideologically left-leaning, dissenters, Muslim women, political dissenters, and political commentators and women from opposition parties received a disproportionate amount of abusive and hateful messages on Twitter.
The council's inaugural members included 50 organizations and individuals. Twitter banned 7, accounts and limited , more that had ties to QAnon on July 21, The bans and limits came after QAnon-related accounts began harassing other users through practices of swarming or brigading, coordinated attacks on these individuals through multiple accounts in the weeks prior.
Acta , — Perez Beltran, S. CrysAlisPro v. Sheldrick, G. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallogr. C 71 , 3—8 Guan, X. A general protocol for temperature calibration of MAS NMR probes at arbitrary spinning speeds.
Solid State Nucl. Bielecki, A. Temperature dependence of Pb MAS spectra of solid lead nitrate. An accurate, sensitive thermometer for variable-temperature MAS.
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Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Luke A. Joxe Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country, Donostia—San Sebastian, Spain.
School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Njegovo habilitacijsko delo Prebivalstvo na Slovenskem od srede Anton Zois Lovro Toman Etbin Henrik Costa Janez Bleiweis Josip Marn Peter Grasselli.
Vsebina prestavi v stransko letvico skrij. Value of language-related questions and comments in digital media for lexicographical user research. COBISS Verdonik, Darinka, Kosem, Iztok, Zwitter Vitez, Ana, Krek, Simon, Stabej, Marko.
Fugu reveals its simple gender switch engl Japan Times. Waldeyer : Ueber Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen. In: Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie.
Band 32 , Nr. Band Normdaten Sachbegriff : GND : lobid , OGND , AKS.
Zwitter Wikipedia - Zwitterión
Contenidos
Retrieved June 9, Archived from the original on March 10, We have characterized the thermal, morphological and structural properties of these materials using techniques including differential Zwitter Wikipedia calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, solid-state NMR Zwitter Wikipedia X-ray crystallography. National Public Radio. Je nachdem welche Keimdrüsen zuerst Keimzellen produzieren, spricht man entweder von Proterandrie, für Tiere die zunächst männlich sind oder, bei Tieren die zuerst weiblich sind von Proterogynie Brazars Erstweiblichkeit. Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities. Archived from the original on May 25, Artikel verbessern Neuen Artikel anlegen Autorenportal Hilfe Letzte Änderungen Kontakt Spenden. The Hill. Zwitter Wikipedia Hermaphrodit — Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen. Zwitter Vitez, Ana. Archived from the original on July 4, Author information Authors and Affiliations Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, ARC Zwitter Wikipedia of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia Faezeh Makhlooghiazad, Luke A. Synthesis 48— Inhe became professor at the University of Ljubljana. The Express Tribune. Simultaneous hermaphrodites or homogamous hermaphrodites are individuals in which both male and female sexual organs are present and functional at the same time. January 6, Simultaneous hermaphrodites or homogamous hermaphrodites are individuals in which both male and female sexual organs are present and functional at the same time. Article CAS Google Scholar Fan, L. Dichogamy can have both conservation-related implications for humans, as mentioned above, as well as economic implications. July 24, Iranipour, N. Foster in seiner Morphodit-Trilogie The Morphodite Trilogydie aus den Bänden Der Morphodit The Morphodite,Der Transformer Transformer, und Der Bewahrer Preserver, besteht. Show results from All journals This journal. The Daily Anchor. Royal Pingdom blog of Pingdom. In a February report, employees wrote that Twitter along with other Tech Companies have "accelerated the pace of CSE content creation and distribution to a breaking point where manual detection, review, and investigations no longer scale" by allowing pornography and Zwitter Wikipedia to invest in systems that could effectively monitor beach sex porn tube. Fausto-Sterling A 12 March The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New York: Worth Publishing. Orodja Orodja. Archived from the original on January 30, Archived from the original on May 28, World leaders and their diplomats have taken note of Twitter's rapid expansion and have been increasingly Zwitter Wikipedia Twitter diplomacythe use of Twitter to engage with foreign publics Zwitter Wikipedia their own citizens. Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Obesity and sexuality Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy PLISSIT model Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection. Bibliografija [ uredi uredi kodo ] Zwitter Vitez, Ana. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Archived from the original on August 9, Archived from the original on July 20, News 3. WebZwitter is the German word for "hybrid" or "hermaphrodite". It may refer to: A zwitterion, in chemistry. An intersex person, in Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' Uranian typology. A song on the . WebIn the great majority of tunicates, mollusks, and earthworms, hermaphroditism is a normal condition, enabling a form of sexual reproduction in which either partner can act as the Missing: Zwitter. WebUn zwitterió (de l'alemany "zwitter", "híbrid", "hermafrodita") és un compost químic que és elèctricament neutre, però que té càrregues formals positives i negatives en àtoms . WebFran Zwitter (24 October – 14 April ) was a Slovenian historian. Together with Milko Kos, Bogo Grafenauer, and Vasilij Melik, he is considered the co-founder of the . WebUn zwitterión (derivado del alemán Zwitter, «híbrido, hermafrodita») o ion dipolar es un compuesto químico eléctricamente neutro, pero que tiene cargas formales positivas y . WebNov 18, · Zwitterionic materials can exhibit unique characteristics and are highly tunable by variation to the covalently bound cationic and anionic moieties. Despite the . WebMirt Zwitter (—), koroškoslovenski politik in gospodarsko-kulturni delavec. Savina Zwitter (*), prevajalka, knjižničarka. Tomaž Zwitter (*), slovenski fizik in astronom (astrofizik) Vinko Zwitter (—), koroškoslovenski narodni delavec. Zdravko Zwitter (—), pravnik in politolog, koroški narodni delavec. WebHermaphroditismus. Hermaphroditismus (griechisch von Hermes und Aphrodite, siehe dazu Hermaphroditos), Zwittrigkeit oder Zwittertum bezeichnet in der Biologie den Zustand von doppeltgeschlechtlichen Individuen, also Individuen einer Art mit männlicher und weiblicher Geschlechtsausprägung, die sowohl männliche als auch weibliche Keimzellen . WebTomaž Zwitter [tomáž- cvítər], slovenski astronom, * oktober , Ljubljana.. Tomaž je sin zgodovinarja Frana restaurant-wissing.de profesor astronomije, astrofizike in kozmologije na Fakulteti za matematiko in fiziko, kjer predava predmeta Astronomska opazovanja in Astronomska restaurant-wissing.dea tudi predmet Astronomija na Pedagoških fakultetah . WebAna Zwitter Vitez pravi, da moramo za razpravljanje o dejanskem stanju javnega diskurza, le-tega raziskovati sistematično, pri čemur moramo biti pozorni na okoliščine tvorjenja in specifike tipičnih profilov udeležencev javnih sporazumevalnih položajev. [1] Zaradi bliskovitega razvoja in neprestanega spreminjanja jezika, govorni korpus. WebMutter («Madre», en alemán) es el tercer álbum de estudio de la banda alemana de metal industrial Rammstein. Fue lanzado el 2 de abril de y apareció en tres ediciones distintas: la europea se vendió en un digipack con un solo CD. La norteamericana consistió en una edición de dos CD, con el vídeo de «Sonne» y la canción. WebFran Zwitter [frán cvítər], slovenski zgodovinar, * oktober , Bela Cerkev, † april , Ljubljana. Življenje in delo Življenje. Rodil se je v družini sodnika Davorina Zwittra, koroškega Slovenca. Mati mu je bila Franja (rojena Majzelj). Po maturi na klasični gimnaziji. WebDec 5, · Zwitter m (strong, genitive Zwitters, plural Zwitter) (biology) hermaphrodite (individual or organism having both male and female gonads) Synonym: Hermaphrodit. (figuratively, chiefly in compounds) hybrid (something of mixed components) Synonyms: Hybride, Hybrid. (figuratively, chiefly in compounds) something showing incompatible . WebWikipedia is a free-content online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and the use of the wiki-based editing system restaurant-wissing.dedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. It is consistently ranked as one of the ten most popular websites in the world, and as of . WebGarden snails mating. A hermaphrodite (/ h ər ˈ m æ f r ə ˌ d aɪ t /) is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. Animal species in which individuals are of different sexes, either male or female but not both, are gonochoric, which is the opposite of hermaphroditic.. The individuals of many taxonomic groups of .Zwitter Wikipedia -
- PhD thesis, Deakin Univ. Retrieved May 10, Persian 1. Archived from the original on March 28, Archived from the original on August 16,
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Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. In , economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction".
Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam.
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Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes.
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Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring".
Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a study. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor.
The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W.
Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad. Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws in particular, copyright laws of the United States and of the US state of Virginia , where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located.
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Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [94] although not always with entirely negative connotations. Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.
The English Wikipedia has 6,, articles, 47,, registered editors, and , active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.
Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions.
Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references".
A study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia A study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.
Several studies have shown that most Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.
Distribution of the 62,, articles in different language editions as of February 25, [W 44]. There are currently language editions of Wikipedia also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias.
As of February , the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias.
The latter are both languages of the Philippines. In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each Russian , Spanish , Italian , Egyptian Arabic , Polish , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Waray , Arabic and Portuguese , seven more have over , articles Persian , Catalan , Serbian , Indonesian , Korean , Norwegian and Chechen , 44 more have over ,, and 82 more have over 10, Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries as is the case for the English edition.
These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences e. Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use.
Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".
They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects Wikipedia and others. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles.
Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. A study published by PLOS One in also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world.
On March 1, , The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years.
The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42, editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2, editors up or down.
The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in at approximately 50, and dropping to 30, by the start of In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages non-English Wikipedia shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42, No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages non-English Wikipedia would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.
Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly , words as of Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias.
In , columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods".
Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged in and respectively that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.
In , Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online.
Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased. In February , Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias".
Due to this persistent Eurocentrism, scholars like Carwil Bjork-James [] or the authors of ' 'The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps' ' [] call for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia.
As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.
Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia.
However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.
And yet it [is]. Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.
Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.
Legal Research in a Nutshell , cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".
Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.
In February , an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change.
A research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities.
The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in the flipped classroom model , while the control group was given direct instructions in class the conventional classroom model.
The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality.
The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education.
On March 5, , Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' 1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the Wikipedia site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information.
Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed.
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article.
Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. A study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth from July to January in each field: [].
These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones.
Authority control databases. ISNI VIAF. France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland. Deutsche Biographie.
Ana Zwitter Vitez je avtorica Govornega korpusa GOS kot zbirke podatkov. Bibliografija [ uredi uredi kodo ] Zwitter Vitez, Ana.
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Retrieved September 20, The New York Times Magazine. Twitter unveils strict usage guidelines for new logo". Retrieved October 11, Retrieved June 7, In the solid state, H 4 EDTA is a zwitterion with two protons having been transferred from carboxylic acid groups to the nitrogen atoms.
In psilocybin , the proton on the dimethyl amino group is labile and may jump to the phosphate group to form a compound which is not a zwitterion.
Insight to the equilibrium in solution may be gained from the results of theoretical calculations. For example, pyridoxal phosphate, a form of vitamin B 6 , in aqueous solution is predicted to have an equilibrium favoring a tautomeric form in which a proton is transferred from the phenolic -OH group to the nitrogen atom.
Because tautomers are different compounds, they sometimes have different enough structures that they can be detected independently in their mixture.
Population ecology, population genetics, and microevolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Not so fast…". THE ASWANG PROJECT.
Bayerische StaatsBibliothek Bavarian State Library. February 5, Archived from the original on December 20, Retrieved 13 April Arizona Law Review.
SSRN Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Archived from the original PDF on 20 December Retrieved 27 July Genetics in Medicine.
ISSN McGann PJ, Hutson DJ eds. Sociology of Diagnosis Advances in Medical Sociology. Advances in Medical Sociology. American Journal of Medical Genetics.
Why Do Men Have Nipples? September , archiviert vom Original am Juni ; abgerufen am Januar Fugu reveals its simple gender switch engl Japan Times.
Waldeyer : Ueber Karyokinese und ihre Beziehungen zu den Befruchtungsvorgängen. In: Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. Early observations of spotted hyenas in the wild led researchers to believe that all spotted hyenas, male and female, were born with what appeared to be a penis.
The apparent penis in female spotted hyenas is in fact an enlarged clitoris, which contains an external birth canal. When a female spotted hyena gives birth, they pass the cub through the cervix internally, but then pass it out through the elongated clitoris.
The term hermaphrodite is used in botany to describe, for example, a perfect flower that has both staminate male, pollen-producing and carpellate female, ovule-producing parts.
The overwhelming majority of flowering plant species are hermaphroditic. Flowering plant species with separate, imperfect, male and female flowers on the same individual are called monoecious.
However, the individual flowers are not hermaphroditic if they only produce gametes of one sex. In andromonecious species, the plants produce perfect hermaphrodite flowers and separate fertile male flowers that are sterile as female.
In gynomonoecious species, the plants produce hermaphrodite flowers and separate male-sterile pistillate flowers. Sequential hermaphroditism is common in bryophytes and some vascular plants.
Historically, the term hermaphrodite was used in law to refer to people whose sex was in doubt. The 12th-century Decretum Gratiani states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" "Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.
Alexander ab Alexandro — stated, using the term hermaphrodite, that the people who bore the sexes of both man and woman were regarded by the Athenians and the Romans as monsters, and thrown into the sea at Athens and into the Tiber at Rome.
And an hermaphrodite which is also called Androgynus shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile.
During the Victorian era , medical authors attempted to ascertain whether or not humans could be hermaphrodites, adopting a precise biological definition to the term.
This language has fallen out of favor due to misconceptions and stigma associated with the terms, [50] [51] [8] [10] and also a shift to nomenclature based on genetics.
The term intersex describes a wide variety of combinations of what are considered male and female biological characteristics. Clinically, medicine currently describes intersex people as having disorders of sex development , [52] a term that has been vigorously challenged.
Intersex civil society organizations , and many human rights institutions, [55] [56] have criticized medical interventions designed to make intersex bodies more typically male or female.
In some cases, intersex traits are caused by unusual levels of sex hormones, which may be the result of an atypical set of sex chromosomes.
The SRY is then activated in only certain areas, causing development of testes in some areas by beginning a series of events starting with the upregulation of the transcription factor SOX9 , and in other areas not being active causing the growth of ovarian tissues.
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Subjects Batteries Organic molecules in materials science Soft materials. Abstract Zwitterionic materials can exhibit unique characteristics and are highly tunable by variation to the covalently bound cationic and anionic moieties.
Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. Change institution. Learn more. Data availability The data represented in the figures in the main paper are available as data files.
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